Introduction
One of the myriad coffee varieties that grace our cups stands out for its historical significance and genetic diversity: Typica Coffee . As a cornerstone of Coffea Arabica, Typica coffee has not only stood the test of time but has also significantly influenced the development of many other coffee varieties across the globe. Though known for its lower yields, the high quality of its beans makes Typica a cherished choice for specialty coffee markets.
Historical Journey of Typica Coffee
Typica’s journey began in the 15th and 16th centuries when it was taken from southwestern Ethiopia to Yemen. Over the centuries, its seeds travelled through various routes, planting the roots of Typica across the world:
- Late 1600s: Seeds from Yemen were sown in India.
- 1696-1699: Coffee seeds were sent from the Malabar coast of India to Batavia (Java, Indonesia), leading to the distinct Typica variety.
- 1706: A single plant from Java reached Amsterdam’s botanical gardens, eventually reaching France in 1714.
- 1719-1770:
- 1719: Seeds were sent to Dutch Guiana (now Suriname).
- 1722: Reached Cayenne (French Guiana).
- 1723: Transplanted to Martinique in the West Indies.
- 1727: Arrived in northern Brazil from French Guiana.
- 1730: Introduced to Jamaica by the English from Martinique.
- 1735: Reached Santo Domingo.
- 1740: Cultivation began in El Salvador.
- 1748: Spread to Cuba from Santo Domingo.
- 1760-1770: Expanded to southern Brazil.
- 1779: Sent from Cuba to Costa Rica.
- 1840: Extended to El Salvador from Cuba.
Throughout the late 18th century, Typica spread across the Caribbean, Mexico, Colombia, and eventually throughout Central America.
Reference: World Coffee Research
Typica Coffee Genetic Description and Varietal Influence
Typica is part of the Bourbon-Typica group and represents a primary genetic backbone for many Arabica varieties. Its genetic diversity is evident in the numerous synonyms and related varieties found worldwide:
- Criollo (Creole): Common in Spanish-speaking countries.
- Indio (Indian): Reflects its early cultivation in India.
- Arábigo (Arabica): Highlights its Arabian origins.
- Blue Mountain: Known as Jamaica Blue Mountain, it was grown in Jamaica’s Blue Mountain region.
- Sumatra: Denotes the plants found in Sumatra, Indonesia.
Propagation and Adaptation
Typica’s propagation journey highlights its adaptability to various climates. Its cultivation has significantly shaped the coffee landscapes in regions such as the Caribbean, Central and South America:
- Until the 1940s: Dominated plantations in South and Central America.
- Post-1940s: Gradually replaced due to low yields and disease susceptibility, but remains cultivated in Peru, the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica.
Characteristics of Typica Coffee
Typica is characterized by its towering height, bronze leaf tips, and large beans. While it is less productive, its beans produce excellent quality coffee, especially when grown at high altitudes.
Cultivation Considerations:
- Location and Altitude:
- Central America: Produces high-quality beans.
- Optimal Altitude: Varies from 1000m to above 1600m in equatorial regions and 700m to above 1300m in areas further from the equator.
- Nutritional Requirements and Planting Density:
- Requires moderate nutritional input.
- Typically planted at a density of 3000-4000 plants per hectare with single-stem pruning.
Reference: World Coffee Research
Typica Coffee Group Varieties
Several varieties have originated from Typica, each adapted to specific regions and conditions:
- Nyasaland: Originated in Malawi, it is known for its adaptation to local conditions.
- SL14: A Kenyan variety recognized for disease resistance and good cup quality.
- Pache: From Guatemala, a natural mutation of Typica.
- SL34: Another Kenyan variety, valued for high altitudes and quality.
- Mibirizi: From Burundi, known for local adaptation and quality.
- Batian: Developed in Kenya for disease resistance and quality.
- Mundo Novo: A Brazilian hybrid of Typica and Bourbon, known for yield and adaptability.
- Maragogype: Brazilian, famous for large beans (elephant beans).
- Catuai: Brazilian hybrid, valued for high yield and quality.
- Pacamara: A Salvadoran hybrid known for its unique flavor profile.
- Pop3303/21, Harrar Rwanda, Caripe: Lesser-known yet significant due to genetic lineage.
Conclusion
Typica coffee is more than just a variety; it is a legacy that has shaped the coffee world. Despite its lower yield and vulnerability to diseases, the high quality of Typica beans at optimal altitudes has cemented its place as a favourite in the specialty coffee market. By understanding and appreciating Typica’s historical journey, genetic diversity, and unique qualities, we can genuinely savour its rich legacy in every cup.
