Khi \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c B\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng: C\u1ed9i R\u1ec5 H\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfn C\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng B\u1eb1ng<\/h2>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: li\u1ec7u th\u00f3i quen mua s\u1eafm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 con d\u1ea5u n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y xem h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/strong><\/u><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n Theo Luuk Zonneveld<\/strong><\/u><\/a>, nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c D\u00e1n Nh\u00e3n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng B\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf (FLO), ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn Fair Trade ch\u1ec9 bao tr\u00f9m m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u2014 ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i sai l\u1ec7ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, mang \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac so v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n L\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c xoay chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i \u1ee6y Ban Trung \u01af\u01a1ng Mennonite<\/strong> v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. H\u1ecd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Nam B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u \u0111ang m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n b\u00f2n r\u00fat t\u1ed1i \u0111a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u00e0n giao d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u1edf London v\u00e0 New York, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ecf l\u1ebb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y Ban Trung \u01af\u01a1ng Mennonite r\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u00eanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i thay th\u1ebf<\/strong> \u2014 \u0111i v\u00f2ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Oxfam ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Anh. C\u1ea3 hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn. H\u1ecd \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng thay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh su\u1ed1t 40 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 \u1edf Amsterdam t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Guatemala m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t?<\/p>\n\n\n C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf<\/strong> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2014 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0o b\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng “c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n” c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edfi l\u1ee3i \u00edch thu v\u1ec1 \u2014 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e1c minh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ban \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i c\u1eafm ngay t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n “Trade Not Aid” (Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3)<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u do m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb ngh\u0129 ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb UNCTAD n\u0103m 1968, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, trong khi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 \u2014 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u2014 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t m\u1ea7m \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n T\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1eafc b\u00e9n nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea9y chay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u00e0 1980, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Trung M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/strong> \u2014 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. C\u00e0 ph\u00ea l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u1eafm h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ai \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1eebng mua c\u00e0 ph\u00ea g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Guatemala v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang mua m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi mua s\u1eafm th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n B\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 “\u0111\u1eebng mua th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3” sang “h\u00e3y mua th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t” tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. D\u1eabu v\u1eady, phong tr\u00e0o ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n kh\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 theo c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9a s\u1eb5n m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng cho s\u1ef1 r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf<\/strong> \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng khi phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1ee9t to\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u Max Havelaar<\/strong>, ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. Max Havelaar l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00f2n b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 trao cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u1edf xa m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c mua s\u1eafm c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111anh th\u00e9p. Cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Max Havelaar<\/em> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1860 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Multatuli<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng gay g\u1eaft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Java \u2014 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 Lan su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u theo cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi mua c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3i ho\u00e0n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng mua m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m; h\u1ecd \u0111ang tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 s\u00e0n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/em> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m \u2014 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u2014 c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n qu\u1ef9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social premium)<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng song song v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf (ICA)<\/strong>. Chi\u1ebfc nh\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00e0i to\u00e1n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c: m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng con d\u1ea5u. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng rang tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p. Kho\u1ea3n ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y logo v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao ch\u00e9p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n C\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. Ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf<\/strong>. Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 trang tr\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u2014 n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng r\u00f5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh lan t\u1ecfa ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t. TransFair<\/strong> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Fairtrade Foundation<\/strong> ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Anh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 “c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng” th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau. M\u1ed7i s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ri\u00eang, quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00ed c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p ri\u00eang. M\u1ed9t con d\u1ea5u v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1edb ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi cam \u0111oan c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. FLO<\/strong> (T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c D\u00e1n Nh\u00e3n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng B\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a h\u00f3a b\u1ee9c tranh ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n Trong khi “m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng” l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng t\u00edt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n: chu\u1ed7i v\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n (audit trail)<\/strong>. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd t\u1eeb trang tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng quan li\u00eau mang l\u1ea1i cho con d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c minh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, ph\u00ed t\u00e1i ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Ngay t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, chi ph\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0i th\u1ecd, \u00e2m th\u1ea7m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m trang b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 xoay x\u1edf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd quan li\u00eau \u0111\u00f3. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong m\u00e3 gen di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Trong khi Fair Trade<\/strong> \u0111ang mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c: khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba. Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn H\u1eefu c\u01a1 (Organic)<\/strong> v\u00e0 Th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi chim di c\u01b0 (Bird Friendly)<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang b\u01b0\u1edbc ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Fair Trade ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1eed s\u1ee9c \u2014 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n USDA Organic<\/strong> d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh qua th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00fd: \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m. Thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt t\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen \u2014 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc hay gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i carbon. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Logic d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn h\u1eefu c\u01a1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sa m\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed9c canh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n Smithsonian Bird Friendly<\/strong> l\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 canh t\u00e1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Wunderle & Latta n\u0103m 1994 c\u00f9ng Perfecto v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1996 \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 chim di c\u01b0 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9c canh ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi n\u1eafng. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c lo\u00e0i chim di c\u01b0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/strong> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi n\u1eafng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ngu\u1ed3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7 ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 che ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i mua c\u00e1c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u00e0 con d\u1ea5u mang l\u1ea1i. T\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn” ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 che gi\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 h\u01a1n: n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng l\u00e2m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng t\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n Theo Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Robert Rice<\/strong><\/u><\/a>, Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn Bird Friendly c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Chim Di C\u01b0 Smithsonian, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. M\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng rang t\u1eebng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Bird Friendly l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n cao nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u00e0n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Rice l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n 90% n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n Bird Friendly l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn Fair Trade \u2014 bi\u1ebfn trang tr\u1ea1i mang ba ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm hoi nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n: ti\u00eau ch\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf qua Fair Trade, ti\u00eau ch\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe qua Organic, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua Bird Friendly.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Logic x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Bird Friendly kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n b\u1ed5 sung. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ea7ng t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Bird Friendly<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i chung chung l\u00e0 “h\u00e3y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00fat b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m”. H\u1ecd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec chi\u1ec1u cao t\u1ea7ng t\u00e1n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 che ph\u1ee7 l\u00e1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 11 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y t\u1ea7ng t\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i hecta<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p sinh th\u00e1i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 chim di c\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed<\/em> sang k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>. Fair Trade ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. Organic ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadt t\u01b0. Bird Friendly ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u2014 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n S\u1ef1 kh\u1eaft khe khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7y uy l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea7ng t\u00e1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh t\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh canh t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u2014 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2014 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn ng\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec3m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Bird Friendly v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb \u2014 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i: t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1?<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hay c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sinh h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba. N\u00f3 sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung h\u1ea1t, b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u2014 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u2014 c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm r\u00f5 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/strong><\/u><\/a> \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Rainforest Alliance<\/strong> b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn UTZ<\/strong> (ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Utz Kapeh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea T\u1ed1t” trong ti\u1ebfng Maya Kaqchikel) theo sau v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Fair Trade \u2014 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf ng\u00e1ch. Thay v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean li\u00ean quan (multi-stakeholder initiatives)<\/strong> \u2014 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (NGO), c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Thay v\u00ec \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 s\u00e0n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t r\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n bao tr\u00f9m qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 s\u00e0n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Fair Trade lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha lo\u00e3ng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi ai. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ng\u00e3 ng\u0169; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gay g\u1eaft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n S\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 rang xay kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n. Nestl\u00e9<\/strong>, Kraft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd xoay quanh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 nh\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Rainforest Alliance v\u00e0 UTZ \u0111\u00e3 trao cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh: ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i hecta t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n b\u1ea1t ng\u00e0n. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i thu mua \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thu mua hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u Th\u1ed1ng K\u00ea:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009, kho\u1ea3ng 8% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea nh\u00e2n xanh giao d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng – Xu H\u01b0\u1edbng Giao D\u1ecbch C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea C\u00f3 Ch\u1ee9ng Nh\u1eadn, ResearchGate<\/strong><\/u><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Con s\u1ed1 8% nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u bao 60 kg m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh vi thu mua \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n B\u1ee9c tranh nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u1edbi: t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch so s\u00e1nh. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean thu mua t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n Rainforest Alliance so v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n UTZ hay Fair Trade? Li\u00ean minh ISEAL<\/strong> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan si\u00eau ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (meta-standard), thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed uy t\u00edn cho c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u2014 quy tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. Sau \u0111\u00f3, N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea To\u00e0n C\u1ea7u (GCP)<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00e0 ph\u00ea kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu n\u1ea1p th\u00eam c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ea7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Cu\u1ed9c ly khai trong phong tr\u00e0o Fair Trade<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m \u1ec9 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u2014 t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i phong tr\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng Direct Trade, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Khi n\u00f3 v\u1ee1 l\u1edf, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng khai tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (Direct Trade)<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t. Khi Intelligentsia Coffee<\/strong> v\u00e0 Counter Culture Coffee<\/strong> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thu mua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch: r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t con d\u1ea5u do b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7n quan li\u00eau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c s\u00e0n. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n gi\u00e1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u00e0n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Fair Trade<\/strong>, c\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 minh b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai.<\/p>\n\n\n Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi” m\u00e0 Rainforest Alliance v\u00e0 UTZ \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng rang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 in bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fa \u1ebfch Rainforest Alliance l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00fai c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, thu m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n. Trong khi gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u1ea3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 s\u00e0n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng rang l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 ba l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t “h\u00e0o quang b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u1ea3o” \u2014 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 tr\u00ean nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n Direct Trade c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0o. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u1edfng rang l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf theo \u0111u\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n cung minh b\u1ea1ch. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i danh ti\u1ebfng th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Fair Trade USA<\/strong> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn<\/strong> \u2014 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 quy t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf \u2014 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/strong>. CEO Paul Rice<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng: gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n Theo Paul Rice<\/strong><\/u><\/a>, CEO c\u1ee7a Fair Trade USA, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u2014 sinh k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u2014 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1eabn ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t khung \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaft tay gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaft tay ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Fairtrade International<\/strong> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u2014 ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Quy t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho n\u00f4ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng logic \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 di\u1ec5n ra ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Fair Trade USA<\/strong> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi Fairtrade International<\/strong>. Hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 si\u00eau th\u1ecb, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0, \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng logo nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng con d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nay ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u01a1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh tranh ch\u1ea5p, n\u01a1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u2014 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng r\u00f5, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u2014 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Logic c\u1ee7a quy m\u00f4 (gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng h\u01a1n) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e2m s\u1ea7m v\u00e0o logic c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft (b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u). Kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean n\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ng\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i c\u00f4ng khai h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1eafp s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u2014 logic kinh doanh l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/strong> sau n\u0103m 2011 di\u1ec5n ra theo hai l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a. C\u00f2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi specialty l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n song h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea.<\/p>\n\n\n N\u0103m 2018, Rainforest Alliance<\/strong> v\u00e0 UTZ<\/strong> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mang t\u00ednh sinh t\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng “m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn” (certification fatigue) \u2014 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean thu mua, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t m\u00ea cung c\u00e1c con d\u1ea5u ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nghe t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau. M\u1ed9t si\u00eau ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n cung cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho Nestl\u00e9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n duy nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec hai. N\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fa \u1ebfch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n Logic h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng r\u00f5. Khi hai ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u1edbn s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn: li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u duy nh\u1ea5t? V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t khi s\u1ef1 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u2014 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t khung \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb?<\/p>\n\n\n Trong khi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Hi\u1ec7p H\u1ed9i C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea \u0110\u1eb7c S\u1ea3n (SCA)<\/strong> l\u1ea1i \u0111ang ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. C\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a SCA b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1982, v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n ch\u1ea1y song song v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 giao thoa to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. N\u01a1i m\u00e0 Rainforest Alliance ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i, th\u00ec SCA l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu cupping SCA<\/strong> \u2014 giao th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3m quan chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u2014 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. SCA \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea tr\u00ean thang \u0111i\u1ec3m 100, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4, m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ed9 chua, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1eadu v\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 80 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “specialty”. D\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o hay ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng ra n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\nB\u1eb1ng Ch\u1ee9ng Kh\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i Thay Th\u1ebf: C\u00e1c Nh\u00f3m T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o V\u00e0 \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ebft H\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n\n
![\"Archival](\"https:\/\/coffeefactz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/mennonite-central-committee-alternative-trade-shop-1950s.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nT\u1eeb “Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i Thay V\u00ec Vi\u1ec7n Tr\u1ee3” \u0110\u1ebfn T\u1ea9y Chay Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb: H\u1ea1t M\u1ea7m \u00dd Th\u1ee9c H\u1ec7 C\u1ee7a Nh\u00e3n M\u00e1c Ti\u00eau D\u00f9ng<\/h3>\n\n
\n\nHi\u1ec7u \u1ee8ng Max Havelaar: Nh\u00e3n D\u00e1n H\u00e0 Lan Khai Sinh H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u1ee9ng Nh\u1eadn Hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n
Ph\u00e1t Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ef1 S\u1ef1 V\u00e0 C\u1ea5u Tr\u00fac C\u1ee7a Nh\u00e3n Hi\u1ec7u Max Havelaar<\/h3>\n\n
M\u00f4 H\u00ecnh N\u00f4ng H\u1ed9 Nh\u1ecf \u0110\u1ed9c Quy\u1ec1n V\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Nh\u00e2n R\u1ed9ng Ph\u00e2n M\u1ea3nh Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n
\n\nT\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea5t L\u00ean V\u00f2m T\u00e1n: S\u1ef1 Tr\u1ed7i D\u1eady Song H\u00e0nh C\u1ee7a Ti\u00eau Chu\u1ea9n H\u1eefu C\u01a1 V\u00e0 Bird-Friendly<\/h2>\n\n
C\u1ed9i Ngu\u1ed3n Ph\u00e1p L\u00fd V\u00e0 Khoa H\u1ecdc: USDA Organic So V\u1edbi Kh\u1ee7ng Ho\u1ea3ng B\u1ea3o T\u1ed3n C\u1ee7a Bird Friendly<\/h3>\n\n
C\u00e1c K\u1ebft Qu\u1ea3 Sinh Th\u00e1i \u0110o L\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c: S\u1ef1 Chu\u1ea9n X\u00e1c C\u1ee7a Ti\u00eau Chu\u1ea9n T\u1ea7ng T\u00e1n Bird Friendly<\/h3>\n\n
\n\nNh\u1eefng Con D\u1ea5u Cho K\u1ec7 H\u00e0ng Si\u00eau Th\u1ecb: K\u1ef7 Nguy\u00ean Th\u1eadp Ni\u00ean 1990\u20132000 C\u1ee7a Xu H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang H\u00f3a V\u00e0 C\u00e1c T\u1eadp \u0110o\u00e0n \u0110a B\u00ean<\/h2>\n\n
L\u1eddi Ph\u1ea3n H\u1ed3i Chi\u1ebfn L\u01b0\u1ee3c: Rainforest Alliance V\u00e0 UTZ Nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eefng S\u00e1ng Ki\u1ebfn \u0110a B\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang<\/h3>\n\n
Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng M\u1edf R\u1ed9ng Quy M\u00f4 V\u00e0 Chu\u1ea9n H\u00f3a: Thu H\u00fat C\u00e1c X\u01b0\u1edfng Rang Kh\u1ed5ng L\u1ed3 V\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ea1o Meta-Standards<\/h3>\n\n
\n\nCu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Ly Ly Khai: Cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i D\u1eady C\u1ee7a Direct Trade V\u00e0 V\u1ebft R\u1ea1n N\u1ee9t Fair Trade N\u0103m 2011<\/h2>\n\n
Cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i D\u1eady C\u1ee7a Direct Trade: Th\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9c Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c X\u01b0\u1edfng Rang L\u00e0n S\u00f3ng Th\u1ee9 Ba<\/h3>\n\n
V\u1ebft R\u1ea1n N\u1ee9t Fair Trade N\u0103m 2011: Ch\u1ee9ng Nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed3n \u0110i\u1ec1n V\u00e0 S\u1ef1 S\u1ee5p \u0110\u1ed5 C\u1ee7a T\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n
\n\nNgh\u1ec7 S\u0129 V\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m To\u00e1n Vi\u00ean: K\u1ef7 Nguy\u00ean H\u1ee3p Nh\u1ea5t V\u00e0 H\u00f2a \u01af\u1edbc Ri\u00eang C\u1ee7a SCA<\/h2>\n\n
![\"Infographic](\"https:\/\/coffeefactz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/coffee-certification-timeline-consolidation-era.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n